Det danske Fredsakademi
Kronologi over fredssagen og international politik 23. november
2005 / Timeline November 23, 2005
Version 3.5
22. November 2005, 24. November 2005
11/23/2005
Ustillingen "signs
for peace" åbnes i Rom sammen med og i anledningen af the
6th Nobel Peace Laureates Summit.
11/23/2005
The Nixon Administration, the SIOP, and the Search for Limited
Nuclear Options, 1969-1974
National Security Archive Update, November 23, 2005
"To Have the Only Option of Killing 80 Million People is the Height
of Immorality" - Henry A. Kissinger Newly Declassified Documents
Detail U.S. Nuclear War Plan Options, Nixon's and Kissinger's
Reactions to Them, and Their Interest in Making Nuclear Weapons
More Useable
For more information contact:
William Burr 202/994-7032
http://www.nsarchive.org
Washington D.C., November 23, 2005 - The Bush administration's
interest in preemptive military options, whether conventional or
nuclear, and limited use of nuclear weapons (e.g., bunker busting)
is remarkably similar to military plans and options considered by
earlier presidential administrations. Declassified documents from
the Nixon administration show that U.S. nuclear war plans included
preemptive options for striking Soviet and Chinese nuclear forces.
They also show President Nixon and Henry Kissinger reacting to the
massive nuclear strikes embodied in U.S. war plans by demanding
more flexible options and plans for limited use of nuclear
weapons.
Nixon and Kissinger sought alternatives to the massive Single
Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) options which targeted up to
4000 nuclear weapons on Soviet military and industrial
installations. During the 1960s, the SIOP had become a set of plans
with five major preemptive and retaliatory options for massive
nuclear strikes against the Soviet Union and other communist
countries. The SIOP options were:
* a preemptive strike against Soviet bloc nuclear targets (the
ALPHA task) only. In 1971, this strike required some 3200 bombs and
missile warheads to destroy 1700 installations
* a preemptive strike against Soviet bloc nuclear (ALPHA task) and
non-nuclear (BRAVO task) military targets; in 1971, this strike
required some 3500 programmed weapons to destroy 2200
installations.
* a preemptive strike against bloc military (ALPHA and BRAVO) and
war-supporting urban-industrial (CHARLIE task) targets; in 1971
this could have involved some 4200 programmed weapons targeting
6500 installations
* a retaliatory strike against bloc ALPHA, BRAVO, and CHARLIE
target categories; in 1971 this required some 4000 programmed
weapon targeting 6400 installations
* a retaliatory strike against bloc ALPHA and BRAVO military
targets; in 1971, this option required 3200 programmed weapons to
destroy 2100 installations.
The SIOP also included "withholds", e.g., attacks on command
centers could be withheld to make it possible to communicate with
authorities in the Soviet Union or China. Attacks on entire
countries, e.g. China, Poland, or Romania, could also be withheld
if they were not in the war or for other political or military
reasons. Some 600 weapons were slated for a maximal China-only
nuclear strike on military and industrial targets.
The massive SIOP attacks would have killed millions and Nixon and
Kissinger were startled, even worried, by their scale when they
first heard a SIOP briefing on January 27, 1969, only a week after
the inauguration. Nixon's chief of staff later reported that the
president "Obviously worries about the lightly tossed about
millions of deaths." Concerned that threats of apocalyptic nuclear
attacks lacked credibility, during the years that followed
Kissinger sought plans for the limited use of strategic nuclear
weapons. In this way, he wanted to avoid the "risk of our being
paralyzed in a crisis because of the lack of plans short of an
all-out SIOP response."
This electronic briefing book documents the Nixon White House's
search for useable nuclear threats. Nixon issued an order to the
bureaucracy in January 1974 calling for new war plans but elements
of the national security bureaucracy were unenthusiastic doubting
that nuclear weapons could be used in small numbers without
touching off a conflagration. This briefing book also publishes for
the first time Secretary of Defense's Nuclear Weapons Employment
Policy (NUWEP) which provided guidance to war planners based on the
new concepts of controlled escalation.
One of the studies in this briefing book includes data, as of 1971,
on the nearly 13,000 U.S. nuclear weapons deployed overseas, with a
breakdown of their regional locations (e.g., Europe, Pacific) and
weapons types (see document 4, page 35).
Please follow the link below for more information and to read the
documents: http://www.nsarchive.org
11/23/2005
CONTRACTS from the United States Department of Defense
Aerojet-General Corp., Sacramento, Calif., is being awarded a
$19,920,685 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to provide for research
and development to demonstrate affordable technologies in a
strategic upper-stage configuration applicable to a two or three
stage Intercontinental Ballistic Missile System. The effort
consists of conducting detailed design reviews of the motor to be
fabricated, fabricate motor, develop test plan, test fire motor,
and collect and report results. At this time, $1,620,699 has been
obligated. This work will be complete 42 months after option
exercise. The Headquarters 526th ICBM Systems Wing, Hill Air Force
Base, Utah is the contracting activity (FA8204-05-C-0016).
11/23/2005
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