Litteratur |
Andrews, C. F.: The Indian earthquake. - London : G.
Allen & Unwin Ltd., [1935].
CRS: Civilian Nuclear Waste Disposal. / : Mark Holt.
2015.
'Spent Nuclear Fuel Program
The Nuclear Waste Policy Act (P.L. 97-425), as amended in 1987,
required DOE to focus on Yucca
Mountain, Nevada, as the site of a deep underground repository
for spent nuclear fuel and other highly radioactive waste. The
state of Nevada has strongly opposed DOE's efforts on the grounds
that the site is unsafe, pointing to potential volcanic activity,
earthquakes, water infiltration, underground flooding, nuclear
chain reactions, and fossil fuel and mineral deposits that might
encourage future human intrusion.'
CRS: Earthquakes: Risk,
Detection, Warning, and Research. / : Peter Folger, 2013.
CRS: Human-Induced Earthquakes from Deep-Well Injection: A
Brief Overview. / : Peter Folger ; Mary Tiemann, 2014.
'The development of unconventional oil and natural gas resources
using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) has
created new demand for wastewater disposal wells that inject waste
fluids into deep geologic strata. An increasing concern in the
United States is that injection of these fluids may be responsible
for increasing rates of seismic activity. The number of earthquakes
of magnitude 3.0 or greater in the central and eastern United
States has increased dramatically since about 2009, from an average
of approximately 20 per year between 1970 and 2000 to over 100 per
year in the period 2010-2013. Some of these earthquakes may be felt
at the surface. For example, 20 earthquakes of magnitudes 4.0 to
4.8 have struck central Oklahoma since 2009. The largest earthquake
in Oklahoma history (magnitude 5.6) occurred on November 5, 2011,
near Prague, causing damage to several structures nearby. Central
and northern Oklahoma were seismically active regions before the
recent increase in the volume of waste fluid injection through deep
wells. However, the recent earthquake swarm does not seem to be due
to typical, random, changes in the rate of seismicity, according to
the U.S. Geological Survey.'
'Prior to the moment magnitude (M) 5.6 earthquake that occurred on
November 6, 2011, in central Oklahoma (discussed below), an M 4.8
earthquake that struck northeast Denver on August 9, 1967, was
generally accepted as the largest recorded human-induced
earthquake. The M 4.8 earthquake was part of a series of
earthquakes that began within several months of the 1961 start of
deep-well injection of hazardous chemicals produced at the Rocky
Mountain Arsenal defense plant. The earthquakes continued after
injection ceased in February 1966.13 The disposal well was drilled
through the flat-lying sedimentary rocks into the underlying older
crystalline rocks more than 12,000 feet deep, and injection rates
varied from 2 million gallons per month to as much as 5.5 million
gallons per month.14 Earthquake activity declined after 1967, but
continued for the next two decades. Scientists concluded that the
injection triggered the earthquakes, and that even after injection
ceased, the migration of the underground pressure front continued
for years and initiated earthquakes along an ancient fault system
many miles away from the injection well.15 As discussed below, the
Rocky Mountain Arsenal earthquakes had many similarities to the
recent increased earthquake activity in some deep-well injection
activities of the United States, including, for example, injection
near or in underlying crystalline bedrock, activation of fault
systems miles away from the well, and migration of the pressure
front away from the point of injection months or years after
injection stopped.'
"Historic Earthquakes and Earthquake Statistics: Where do
earthquakes occur?"
Centennial Earthquake Catalog
- http://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/centennial/
Engdahl, E.R., and A. Villaseñor, Global Seismicity:
1900–1999, in W.H.K. Lee, H. Kanamori, P.C. Jennings, and C.
Kisslinger (editors), International Handbook of Earthquake and
Engineering Seismology, Part A, Chapter 41, pp. 665–690,
Academic Press, 2002.
Engdahl, E.R., R. van der Hilst, and R. Buland, Global teleseismic
earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for
depth determination, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 88, 722–743,
1998.
A study of recent earthquakes. / : Charles Davison.
- London: The Walter Scott publishing co., ltd., 1905.
- https://archive.org/details/studyofrecentear00davirich
--I. Introduction.--II. The Neapolitan earthquake of December 16th,
1857.--III. The Ischian earthquakes of March 4th, 1881, and July
28th, 1883.--IV. The Andalusian earthquake of December 25th,
1884.--V. The Charleston earthquake of August 31st, 1886.--VI. The
Riviera earthquake of February 23rd, 1887.--VII. The Japanese
earthquake of October 28th, 1891.--VIII. The Hereford earthquake of
December 17th, 1896, and the Inverness earthquake of September
18th, 1901.--IX. The Indian earthquake of June 12th, 1897.--X.
Conclusion.