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Geography; Nature and climate; Demography; History; Wars; Culture ; Art; Film; Music; Politics; Political parties ; Defense; Peace movements; Religion; Social conditions ; Education , Economics and Arms trade.
Géographie; Nature et climat; Démographie; Guerres; Histoire; Culture ; La musique; Politique; Partis politiques ; La défense; Mouvements de paix; Religion; Conditions sociales ; Éducation; Économie et commerce des armes

Rusland, Russisk, klima og klimaforandringer

Klima i international lov / Climate in international law: Russian Federation: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Submitted National Communication.
Se også: Asiens klima ; Europæisk klima.
Tekst.

Litteratur

Hvis bare klima var en by i Rusland. / : Jesper Karup Pedersen. I: Information 25. juni 2019.
Rusland ignorerer ikke klima-forandringerne – de udnytter dem økonomisk : Bag det manglende russiske engagement i klimaet ligger en grundlæggende skepsis i forhold til, at mennesket kan stoppe klima-forandringerne. Så hellere prøve at profitere på dem. / : Ida Sparre-Ulrich. I: Information, 1. juli 2019.
Luchin, V., A. Kruts, O. Sokolov, V. Rostov, N. Rudykh, T. Perunova, E. Zolotukhin, V. Pischalnik, L. Romeiko, V. Hramushin, V. Shustin, Y. Udens, O. Baranova, I. Smolyar, E. Yarosh. 2009. Climatic Atlas of the North Pacific Seas 2009: Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and Sea of Japan. V. Akulichev, Yu. Volkov, V. Sapozhnikov, S. Levitus, Eds., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 67, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 329 pp., DVD Disc.
- ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/woa/PACIFIC09/DOC/english.pdf
Understanding the Permafrost–Hydrate System and Associated Methane Releases in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. / : Natalia Shakhova et al. Geosciences 2019, 9(6), 251;
https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060251
This paper summarizes current understanding of the processes that determine the dynamics of the subsea permafrost–hydrate system existing in the largest, shallowest shelf in the Arctic Ocean; the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS). We review key environmental factors and mechanisms that determine formation, current dynamics, and thermal state of subsea permafrost, mechanisms of its destabilization, and rates of its thawing; a full section of this paper is devoted to this topic. Another important question regards the possible existence of permafrost-related hydrates at shallow ground depth and in the shallow shelf environment. We review the history of and earlier insights about the topic followed by an extensive review of experimental work to establish the physics of shallow Arctic hydrates. We also provide a principal (simplified) scheme explaining the normal and altered dynamics of the permafrost–hydrate system as glacial–interglacial climate epochs alternate. We also review specific features of methane releases determined by the current state of the subsea-permafrost system and possible future dynamics. This review presents methane results obtained in the ESAS during two periods: 1994–2000 and 2003–2017. A final section is devoted to discussing future work that is required to achieve an improved understanding of the subject.

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