USA, Amerikas forenede stater

Geografi ; natur ; klima ; demografi ; historie ; ophørte fredsbevægelser ; ophørte politiske partier ; ophørte sociale bevægelser ; krige ; kultur ; musik ; politik ; præsidenter ; regering ; lovgivende forsamling ; militær ; efterretningstjenester ; aktuelle politiske partier 2010 ; aktuelle fredsbevægelser ; militærnægterorganisationer ; religion ; aktuelle sociale bevægelser ; sociale forhold ; uddannelse ; universiteter ; økonomi.
Geography ; nature ; climate ; demography ; history ; discontinued peace movements; discontinued political parties; discontinued social movements ; wars ; culture ; music ; politics ; presidents ; government ; legislative assembly ; military ; intelligence services; current political parties 2010; current peace movements; conscientious objector organizations; religion; current social movements ; social issues ; education ; universities; economy.
Géographie, la nature, le climat, la démographie, l'histoire, les mouvements pacifistes abandonnées; abandonnées partis politiques; abandonnées mouvements sociaux, les guerres, la culture, la musique, la politique, les présidents, les gouvernements, l'Assemblée législative; militaires, les services de renseignement, les partis politiques actuels 2010; mouvements de paix en cours , les organisations objecteurs de conscience, la religion, les mouvements sociaux actuels, les questions sociales, l'éducation, les universités, l'économie.
Geografía, la naturaleza, el clima, demografía, historia, movimientos de paz interrumpidas; partidos políticos; discontinuadas discontinuas movimientos sociales, las guerras, la cultura, la música, la política, presidentes, gobierno, Asamblea Legislativa, militares, servicios de inteligencia; actuales partidos políticos, los movimientos actuales 2.010 paz ; organizaciones de objetor de conciencia, religión, los actuales movimientos sociales, asuntos sociales, educación, universidades, economía.
Geographie, Natur, Klima, Demographie, Geschichte, aufgegebenen Friedensbewegungen; aufgegebenen politischen Parteien; aufgegebenen sozialen Bewegungen, Kriege, Kultur, Musik, Politik, Präsidenten, Regierung; gesetzgebende Versammlung; Militär; Nachrichtendienste, aktuelle politische Parteien 2010; aktuellen Friedensbewegungen ; Kriegsdienstverweigerer Organisationen; Religion; aktuellen sozialen Bewegungen, soziale Fragen, Bildung, Hochschulen, Wirtschaft.

Geografi: Nordamerikansk forbundsstat og republik med grænser til Canada og Mexico og med kystlinjer til Atlanterhavet og Stillehavet. Amchitka øen, Alaska. Guam. Farallon Island, Californien. Johnson Island. Johnston Island. Peace Park / Fredsparken (nationalparken) mellem Canada og USA, herunder Buffalo Peace Bridge. Geografihistoriske primærkilder: Blome, Richard: The present state of His Majesties isles and territories in America : viz, Jamaica, Barbadoes, S. Christophers, Mevis, Antego, S. Vincent, Dominica, New Jersey, Pensilvanie, Monserat, Anguilla, Bermudas, Carolina, Virginia, New-England, Tobago, New-Found-Land, Mary-Land, New-York : with new maps of every place, together with astronomical tables ... and how to make sun-dials fitting for all those places (1687).
http://www.archive.org/details/cihm_36901
The Flatey book and recently discovered Vatican manuscripts concerning America as early as the tenth century. Documents now published for the first time, which establish beyond controversy the claim that North America was settled by Norsemen five hundred years before the time of Columbus. Sagas that describe the voyages to, and character of, the new country, and letters from several popes directing bishops in their government of the church in the western world (1906). - http://www.archive.org/details/flateybookandre01andegoog
Atlas over det kontinentale USA.
Atlas over USAs udvidelser.
Aktuelle og amerikanske militære baser i udlandet

Amerikanske lokalstater, formynderskabsområder

USA Klima
CRS: Drought in the United States: Causes and Issues for Congress. /: Peter Folger et al. 2012. - 25 s.
'California’s 2007-2009 drought exacerbated ongoing tensions among competing water uses. While drought is most common in California and the Southwest, drought also can exacerbate water tensions in other regions. For example, the 2007-2008 drought in the Southeast heightened a long-standing dispute in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River (ACF) basin. Both California and the ACF are again experiencing drought conditions, as are the Rio Grande and Upper Colorado River basins.'
Natural Resources Defense Council: Testing the Waters 2012. - 10 s.
- http://www.nrdc.org/water/oceans/ttw/ttw2012-ExecutiveOverview.pdf
'The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated that up to 3.5 million people become ill from contact with raw sewage from sanitary sewer overflows each year'.

USA Historie

Før Columbus: Fremont kulturen. Helleristninger / petroglyph. Kolonitiden, Det vilde vesten, militære aktioner. mellemkrigsårene, krakket i 1929, Den kolde krig, Militære alliancer, Militærkup. Watergate, Iran-Contra skandalerne, 9/11/2001.
Before Columbus: Fremont culture. Petroglyphs. Colonial period, the Wild West, military actions. the interwar period, the crash of 1929, the Cold War, military alliances, military coup. Watergate, the Iran-Contra scandals, 9/11/2001.
De tretten kolonier
En række engelske kolonier blev etableret under et system med uafhængige proprietære guvernører, der blev udnævnt under merkantile frihedsbreve til engelsk aktieselskaber til finde og udvikle bosættelser, mest især Virginia Company, der skabte den første succesfulde engelske bosættelse ved Jamestown og den anden ved St. George, Bermuda.
England overtog også den hollandske koloni New Netherland (herunder New Amsterdam bosættelsen), som blev omdøbt til provinsen New York i 1664. Med New Holland, kom den engelske også til at regere over det tidligere New Sverige (i hvad der nu Delaware), som den hollandske havde erobret tidligere. Dette blev senere til en del af Pennsylvania, efter staten blev etableret i 1680.
/ A number of English colonies were established under a system of independent Proprietary Governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements, most notably the Virginia Company, which created the first successful English settlement at Jamestown and the second at St. George's, Bermuda.
England also took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including the New Amsterdam settlement) which was renamed the Province of New York in 1664. With New Netherland, the English also came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware), which the Dutch had conquered earlier. This later became part of Pennsylvania after it was established in 1680.
Osgood, Herbert Levi: The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century: Imperial control. Beginnings of the system of royal provinces - New York, Macmillan, 1904. - 624+590 s.
- http://archive.org/details/americancolonies01osgouoft
- http://archive.org/details/17thcenturycolonies03osgorich
'Vol. 1-2. The chartered colonies. Beginnings of self-government.- Vol. 3. Imperial control. Beginnings of the system of royal provinces'
Bancroft, George: History of the United States from the discovery of the American continent, I-X . - Boston, Little, 1846.
- http://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds01bancuoft
'1-3. History of the colonization of the United States.- 4. The American Revolution. Epoch first. The overthrow of the European colonial system, 1748-1763.- 5. The American Revolution. Epoch second. How Great Britain estranged America, 1763-1774.- 6. The Crisis.- 7-8. The American Revolution. Epoch third. America declares itself independent, 1774-1776.- 9. The American Revolution. Epoch fourth. The independence of America is acknowledged, 1776-1782.- 10. The American Revolution. Epoch fourth continued. Peace between America and Great Bitiain, 1778-1782. Index'
Historiske primærkilder: AMDOCS: Documents for the Study of American History.
A check list of American newspapers in the Library of Congress (1901). - 590 s.
- http://archive.org/details/checklistofameri00librrich
Kilder og fremstillinger: herunder the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) og the Information Security Oversight Office (ISOO).
USAs udenrigsministeriums Foreign Relations serien præsenterer den officielle dokumentation og historiske oversigt over store amerikanske udenrigspolitiske beslutninger og betydningsfuld diplomatisk aktivitet. Serien, der er produceret af udenrigs-ministeriets historiske kontor, påbegyndtes i 1861 og omfatter nu mere end 350 individuelle titler. Bindene der er offentliggjort i løbet af de sidste to årti indeholder i stigende grad afklassificerede dokumenter fra alle de udenrigspolitiske agenturer.
National Security Archive Publishes Digitized Set of 2,100 Henry Kissinger "Memcons" Recounting the Secret Diplomacy of the Nixon-Ford Era. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 192, 2006
- http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB193/index.htm
Dictionary of American History (James Truslow Adams, Editor in Chief, and R. V. Coleman, Managing Editor). 5 vols. and Index vol. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940.
Brzezinski, Matthew: Kapløb Om rummet : Rumfart under Den kolde Krig. / Red moon rising : Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries That Ignited the Space Age.
- Odense : TV2, 2007. - 364 s. - ISBN: 9788792121400
Tulsa Race Riot : A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, 2001. - 188 s.
- http://www.okhistory.org/research/forms/freport.pdf og
- http://archive.org/search.php?query=tulsa%20riot
Alabama voldgiftsagen efter den amerikanske borgerkrig.
Lov om forflytning af indianere / US Indian Treaties and the Removal Act of 1830.
Library of Congress: Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784-1894.
United States Serial Set, Number 4015.
- http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwss-ilc.html
'United States Serial Set Number 4015 contains the second part of the two-part Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896-1897. (Part one is printed in United States Serial Set Number 4014.) Part two, which was also printed as House Document No. 736 of the U.S. Serial Set, 56th Congress, 1st Session, features sixty-seven maps and two tables compiled by Charles C. Royce. President Andrew Jackson's Message to Congress 'On Indian Removal' (1830).
og http://archive.org/search.php?query=Indian%20Treaties
Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826: Documents relating to the purchase & exploration of Louisiana [1803].
- Boston : Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1904. - 343 s.
- http://archive.org/details/documentsrelati00dunbgoog
'Printed from the original manuscripts in the Library of the American Philosophical Society and by direction of the society's Committee on Historical Documents'.
Trumbull, Benjamin: A general history of the United States of America, from the discovery in 1492, or, Sketches of the divine agency, in their settlement, growth, and protection : and especially in the late memorable revolution : exhibiting a general view of the principal events, from the discovery of North America to the year 1765 (1810).
http://www.archive.org/details/generalhistory00trumrich
Reports of the trials of Colonel Aaron Burr (late vice president of the United States,) for treason, and for a misdemeanor : in preparing the means of a military expedition against Mexico, a territory of the King of Spain, with whom the United States were at peace ; in the Circuit Court of the United States, held at the city of Richmond, in the district of Virginia, in the summer term of the year 1807 (1808).
- http://www.archive.org/details/reportsoftrialso02burr
Political annals of the present united colonies, from their settlement to the peace of 1763 : compiled chiefly from records, and authorised often by the insertion of state-papers (1780).
http://www.archive.org/details/politicalannalso00chal
On the origin of the native races of America : a dissertation / by Hugo Grotius [1542]. A treatise of foreign languages and unknown islands / by Peter Albinus : [both] translated from the original Latin, and enriched with biographical notes and illustrations by Edmund Goldsmid (1884).
http://www.archive.org/details/cihm_09651

Amerikansk støttede militærkup

USA's uafhængighedserklæring: Primary Documents in American History: Declaration of Independence, 1774.
National Security Archive Update, October 11, 2011
U.S. Strategic Nuclear Policy: A Video History, 1945-2004
Sandia Labs Historical Video Documents History of U.S. Strategic Nuclear Policy
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb361/index.htm
Fisher, Louis : When Wars Begin: Misleading Statements by Presidents. In: Presidential Studies Quarterly 40, no. 1 (March) 171. 2010 Center for the Study of the Presidency.
http://www.loufisher.org/index.html
Bibliographical notes on the issues of the Continental Congress 1774-[1783] (1904). http://www.archive.org/details/bibliographicaln1779libr
Journals of the Continental Congress, Bind 1-33 1774-1789 (1904).
- http://www.archive.org/details/journalsofcontin01unit
The diplomatic correspondence of the United States of America, from the signing of the definitive treaty of peace, 10th September, 1783, to the adoption of the Constitution, March 4, 1789. Being the letters of the presidents of Congress, the secretary for foreign affairs--American ministers at foreign courts, foreign ministers near Congress--reports of committees of Congress, and reports of the secretary for foreign affairs on various letters and communications; together with letters from individuals on public affairs (1833).
- http://www.archive.org/details/diplomaticco01unit
Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress, from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation bind 1-4 (1820).
- http://www.archive.org/details/secretjournalsa07conggoog
Official letters to the Honorable American Congress : written during the war between the united colonies and Great-Britain bind 1- 3 (1796).
- http://www.archive.org/details/officialletters00washgoog
Kultur: Arkiver, biblioteker, film, kunst, litteratur, massemedier, musik, musæer, teater
Biblioteksvæsen. Bogvæsen:
Tekst:
Aviser / Newspapers / journaux / Prensa / Tageszeitungen
Guide to journalism resources. / : Compiled by Ginny Kilander. University of Wyoming, American Heritage Center. 2005. - 72 s.
Tidsskrifter, periodica / Journals, periodicals / Revues spécialisées, périodiques / Revistas, publicaciones periódicas / Zeitschriften, Periodika
James Truslow Adams: The American Dream / Den amerikanske drøm in The Epic of America 1931 / Amerikas Saga, Gyldendal 1935.
His American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement". It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position. / “Den amerikanske drøm er drømmen om et land, hvor livet er bedre for alle. Hvor enhver har chancen for at udnytte sine talenter optimalt. Det er ikke blot en drøm om biler eller høje lønninger, men en drøm om social retfærdighed, som tillader enhver mand eller kvinde uanset herkomst at opnå det fulde udbytte af sine evner”.
A Bibliographical Description of Books and Pamphlets of American Verse : Printed from 1610 Through 1820. / : Compiled by Roger E. Stoddard and Edited by David R. Whitesell. The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012. - 832 s.
'The culmination of five decades of research, this monumental work of descriptive bibliography, containing entries for more than 1,300 editions, assembles by date of printing the corpus of poetry composed and printed in the United States of America in books and pamphlets up through 1820. It also includes a revised version of Roger Stoddard's seminal essay "Poet and Printer in Colonial and Federal America: Some Bibliographical Perspectives,"'.
See also: The Center for a New American Dream 1997-. which helps Americans to reduce and shift their consumption to improve quality of life, protect the environment, and promote social justice.
Se også: Center for New American Dream 1997 -. som hjælper amerikanerne til at reducere og flytte deres forbrug for at forbedre livskvaliteten, beskytte miljøet og fremme social retfærdighed.

Originale amerikanske musikgenrer

Kunst / Art: Samuel H. Kress Foundation, 1929 og Samuel H. Kress (1863-1955), National Endowment for the Arts.
Lilienthal, Sally: Funding prevention of nuclear war : oral history transcript / 1987 (c1989).
- Berkeley, Calif. : University of California, 1989. - 226 s. - http://www.archive.org/details/fundingprevention00lilirich
Carl Barks: Walt Disney's Carl Barks' samlede værker, I-XXX.
Egmont Serieforlaget, 2005-.
Tilstræbt komplet udgave.
American Art Posters of the 1890s in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, including the Leonard A. Lauder Collection. / : Kiehl, David W., with essays by Phillip Dennis Cate, Nancy Finlay, and David W. Kieh. 1987. - 197 s.
- http://archive.org/details/americanartposters1890s
'David W. Kiehl, associate curator in the Museum's Department of Prints and Photographs and compiler of the catalogue, has contributed an essay about the phenomenon of the American art poster, biographies of each artist, and a bibliography. Nancy Finlay, assistant curator at The Houghton Library at Harvard University, is the author of an essay on American posters and the publishing trade of the 1890s, while Phillip Dennis Cate, director of The Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University, has written about French poster antecedents, including works by such artists as Toulouse-Lautrec, Chéret, and Steinlen. Leonard A. Lauder has contributed a brief introduction describing the evolution of his collection, and Philippe de Montebello, director of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, has provided a foreword.'
Film
Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum - http://archive.org/details/nilesfilmmuseum , og
- http://www.nilesfilmmuseum.org/
Litteratur:
American Folklore Society, herunder the The journal of American folklore, 1888-.
- http://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22American+Folklore+Society%22.
Teater

USA Udenrigspolitik: Monroedoktrinen, Carterdoktrinen, Nixondoktrinen, Reagandoktrinen, Trumandoktrinen. /
U.S. Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine, the Carter Doctrine, the Nixon Doctrine, the Reagan Doctrine, the Truman Doctrine.

CRS: Chuck Mason: Military Justice: Courts-Martial, An Overview. 2011.
- http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41739.pdf
Det argumenteres gerne, at den anden ændring eller tilføjelse til forfatningen angiveligt forfatningsmæssigt beskytter en privat og individuel ret til at besidde og bære våben. CRS: Internet Firearm and Ammunition Sales. / : Vivian S. Chu. 2012. - 11 s. CRS: Gun Control Legislation. / : William J. Krouse, Specialist in Domestic Security and Crime Policy. 2012. - 112 s.
Jack N. Rakove: The Second Amendment: the Highest Stage of Originalism. Chicago-Kent Law Review, Symposium on the Second Amendment vol. 76, 2000: 103.
- http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/RakoveChicago.htm
USA er en føderal republik. Den nuværende regering 2012 består af følgende ministerier.
/ The United States is a federal republic. The current government 2012 consists of the following departments.
/ Les Etats-Unis sont une république fédérale. Le gouvernement actuelle 2012 se compose des départements suivants.
/ Los Estados Unidos es una república federal. El gobierno actual 2012 se compone de los siguientes departamentos.
/ Die Vereinigten Staaten sind eine föderale Republik. Die derzeitige Regierung 2012 besteht aus den folgenden Abteilungen.
Valg: Federal Election Commission (FEC) - http://www.fec.gov/
CRS: Congressional Redistricting: An Overview. / : Royce Crocker. November 21, 2012. - 26 s.
'The decennial apportionment process determines the number of seats in the House of Representatives for which each state qualifies, based on population counts (for more on the apportionment process, see CRS Report R41357, The U.S. House of Representatives Apportionment Formula in Theory and Practice, by Royce Crocker). The redistricting process determines where those seats are geographically located within each state. Apportionment allocates the seats by state, while redistricting draws the maps.
Redistricting is a state process governed by federal law. Much of this law is judicially imposed because, in 1929, Congress let lapse its standards requiring districts to be made up of “contiguous and compact territory and containing as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants.” If Congress chooses to legislate again in this area, its authority will come from Article I, Section 4 of the Constitution, granting the authority to Congress to change state laws pertaining to congressional elections.
The goal of redistricting is to draw boundaries around geographic areas such that each district results in “fair” representation. An effort to favor one group of interests over another by using the redistricting process to distort this fairness is often referred to as gerrymandering. Aside from distorting representation, it is believed by some that such gerrymandering diminishes electoral responsiveness by minimizing political competition among the parties.'
Stemmeret: CRS: Congressional Redistricting and the Voting Rights Act: A Legal Overview. / : L. Paige Whitaker. January 31, 2013. - 14 s.
Loven om stemmeret (VRA) fra 1965 «blev vedtaget for at håndhæve det 15. grundlovsmæssige ændringsforslag, der bestemmer, at borgernes ret til at stemme ikke nægtes eller indskrænkes på grund af race, hudfarve, eller tidligere trældom. Navnlig forbyder § 2 i VRA brugen af enhver afstemningskvalifikation eller praksis - herunder ændringer af kongressens valgkredse, der resulterer i benægtelse eller indskrænkning af retten til at stemme på grund af race, hudfarve, eller medlemskab af et sprogligt mindretal. Loven fastslår endvidere, at en overtrædelse er etableret, hvis det på grundlag af samtlige omstændigheder, er vist, at politiske processer ikke er lige åbne for medlemmer af en bestemt race eller sproglig minoritetsgruppe, at dens medlemmer har mindre chance end andre medlemmer af vælgerkorpset til at deltage og til at vælge deres repræsentanter. "
The Voting Rights Act (VRA) of 1965, as amended 'was enacted under Congress’s authority to enforce the 15th Amendment, which provides that the right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous servitude. In particular, Section 2 of the VRA prohibits the use of any voting qualification or practice—including the drawing of congressional redistricting plans—that results in the denial or abridgement of the right to vote based on race, color, or membership in a language minority. The statute further provides that a violation is established if, based on the totality of circumstances, it is shown that political processes are not equally open to members of a racial or language minority group in that its members have less opportunity than other members of the electorate to participate and to elect representatives of choice.'
International organisering, herunder Briand-Kellogg-traktaten, US Treaties in Force 2010
USA er medlem af Antarktis traktatsystemet / Antarctic Treaty System, Arktisk Råd, FN, det internationale energiagentur, det internationale havundersøgelsesråd ICES, OAS, OSCE.
Den omfattende lov om miljømæssigt ansvar, kompensation og ansvar / The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. Denne lov blev vedtaget af Kongressen den 11. december 1980.
- http://www.epa.gov/superfund/policy/cercla.htm
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