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- Geography; Nature; Climate; Demography; History: Ceased peace
movements; Discontinued political parties; Ceased social movements;
Wars; Culture: Libraries; Art; film; Music; Music organizations;
Folk music; Jazz; Pop; Rock; Music literature; Policy: Domestic
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conditions ; Education; Universities; Economy; Arms
trafficking.
-
- US, American nuclear weapons
- USA er siden 1945 medlem af atomvåbenklubben.
- The United States has since 1945 been a member of the nuclear
weapons club.
- Alle oplysninger om amerikanske atomvåben har været
eller er klassificerede og eller maskerede. Her er et eksempel
på et nyt dokument som antyder, at nogle oplysninger har
været klassificeret. Dokumentet savner kildeoplysninger og er
endda uden afsender. Stockpile
Numbers End of Fiscal Years 1962-2015.
- CRS : The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: Overview of Department
of Energy Sites.
/ : Amy F. Woolf ; James D. Werner, 2018.
- Hans M. Kristensen & Matt Korda (2019) United States
nuclear forces, 2019.
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 75:3, 122-134.
- Hans M. Kristensen & Robert S. Norris (2018) United States
nuclear forces.
2018, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 74:2, 120-131, DOI:
10.1080/00963402.2018.1438219
'The US nuclear arsenal remained roughly unchanged in the last
year, with the Defense Department maintaining an estimated
stockpile of some 4,000 warheads to be delivered via ballistic
missiles and aircraft. Most of these warheads are not deployed but
stored, and many are destined to be retired. Of the approximately
1,800 warheads that are deployed, roughly 1,650 are on ballistic
missiles or at bomber bases in the United States, with another 150
tactical bombs deployed at European bases.'
- Militærforskning og
-udvikling
/ Military Research and Development
/ Recherche et développement militaire
/ Investigación y Desarrollo Militar
/ Militärische Forschung und Entwicklung:
- CRS: Defense Science and Technology Funding. / : John F.
Sargent Jr., 2018.
In FY2017, Defense S&T was $13.4 billion, nearly six times the
FY1978 level of $2.3 billion. Most growth occurred from FY1978 to
FY2006, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.4%. From
FY2006 to FY2017, growth was slower (0.1% CAGR). Most of the growth
and volatility was in advanced technology development. In FY2017
constant dollars, Defense S&T funding peaked at $16.2 billion
in FY2005 and declined by $2.8 billion through FY2017.
In FY2016, basic research accounted for $2.2 billion of the Defense
S&T total. The Navy accounted for the largest share of DOD
basic research (29.2%), followed by the Defense-Wide agencies
(27.6%), Air Force (23.0%), and Army (20.3%). Universities and
colleges performed nearly half ($1.1 billion, 48.8%) of DOD basic
research in FY2016; DOD and other intramural federal laboratories
performed 22.9%; industry, 18.2%; other non-profits, 7.5%;
federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs), 0.7%;
and others, 2.0%.
- Økonomi / Economy:
- GAO: Nuclear Weapons Sustainment: Improvements
Made to Budget Estimates in Fiscal Year 2019 Joint
Report, but Opportunities Remain to Enhance Completeness, 2019.
- GAO: Columbia class submarine: Overly Optimistic Cost
Estimate Will Likely Lead to Budget Increases, 2019.
The Navy's $115 billion procurement cost estimate is not reliable
partly because it is based on overly optimistic assumptions about
the labor hours needed to construct the submarines. While the Navy
analyzed cost risks, it did not include margin in its estimate for
likely cost overruns. The Navy told us it will continue to update
its lead submarine cost estimate, but an independent assessment of
the estimate may not be complete in time to inform the Navy’s
2021 budget request to Congress to purchase the lead submarine.
Without these reviews, the cost estimate—and, consequently,
the budget—may be unrealistic. A reliable cost estimate is
especially important for a program of this size and complexity to
help ensure that its budget is sufficient to execute the program as
planned.
- CRS: Energy and Water Development Appropriations:
Nuclear Weapons Activities. / : Amy F. Woolf, 2018.
The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill funds
civil works projects of the Army Corps of Engineers, the Department
of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation, the Department of
Energy (DOE), and several independent agencies.
The DOE budget includes funding for the National Nuclear Security
Administration (NNSA), a separately organized agency within DOE.
NNSA operates three programs: Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation,
which secures nuclear materials worldwide, conducts research and
development (R&D) into nonproliferation and verification, and
operates the Nuclear Counterterrorism and Incident Response
Program; Naval Reactors, which “is responsible for all U.S.
Navy nuclear propulsion work”; and Weapons Activities.
The last is the subject of this report. The Weapons Activities
account supports programs that maintain U.S. nuclear missile
warheads and gravity bombs and the infrastructure programs that
support that mission. Specifically, according to DOE’s budget
documentation, these programs “support the maintenance and
refurbishment of nuclear weapons to continue sustained confidence
in their safety, reliability, and performance; continued investment
in scientific, engineering, and manufacturing capabilities to
enable certification of the enduring nuclear weapons stockpile; and
manufacture of nuclear weapons components.” NNSA’s
budget request for FY2019 seeks $11.02 billion for Weapons
Activities within a total of budget of $15.09 billion for NNSA.
This represents a 7.6% increase of NNSA’s budget request of
$10.239 billion for Weapons Activities in FY2018 and a 19% increase
over the $9.314 billion enacted for Weapons Activities in the
Consolidated Appropriations Act for 2017 (P.L. 115-31). The
requested increase of 19% in funding for Weapons over the
FY2017-enacted amount is within an increase of 16.7% over the
FY2017 amount enacted for NNSA’s total budget.
- Matt Korda & Hans M. Kristensen (2019): US ballistic missile defenses, 2019,
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. DOI: 10.1080/00963402.2019.1680055
This issue examines the status of US missile defense, a key driver
of the global nuclear arms race. According to the latest Missile Defense Review, the United States
will continue to enhance its four primary missile defense systems – one for homeland defense and
three for regional defense – without “any limitation or constraint.” Doing so is likely to be
destabilizing, as potential adversaries will attempt to build offensive systems to offset the United
States’ defensive systems. This dynamic is currently on display with Russia and China, both of which
are developing missiles that are specifically designed to counter US missile defenses
- CRS: Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons. / : Amy F. Woolf, 2018.
The Trump Administration in the Nuclear Posture Review released in
February 2018, determined that the United States should acquire two
new types of nonstrategic nuclear weapons: a new low-yield warhead
for submarine-launched ballistic missiles and a new sea-launched
cruise missile.
- Trump administration's planned nuclear upgrade is being
undermined by cost overruns
Millions of dollars in promised savings at Texas, Tennessee nuclear
weapons plants have disappeared, and the government is letting a
powerful contractor off the hook
By Patrick Malone
https://www.publicintegrity.org/2018/02/05/21507/trump-administration-s-planned-nuclear-upgrade-being-undermined-cost-overruns
Consolidating the management of two critical sites where nuclear
weapons are assembled would yield huge taxpayer savings, the
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) promised in 2013
— as much as $3.27 billion over a decade.
Hundreds of millions of dollars in savings were to be spent on the
modernization of the nuclear weapons production complex, and
billions of dollars were to revert to the public treasury. The
government was so pleased with the promised benefits that in 2015,
it gave one of the department’s highest awards to the 14
sharp-eyed officials who processed the single-contract
paperwork.
But four years after the consolidated contract was won by
Consolidated Nuclear Security (CNS) LLC, a group of corporations
led by Bechtel National Inc., there’s not much to celebrate,
government documents and reports show.
In particular, much of the promised quick savings haven't shown up,
while the annual federal costs of running and overseeing the two
sites — the Pantex Plant in Texas and the Y-12 site in
Tennessee where nuclear weapons are disassembled and modernized
— have risen more than 30 percent from nearly $1.85 billion
to $2.48 billion.
Despite these numbers, the government still awarded the contractor
extra profits for cost savings.
As a result, the funds needed to keep these two vital sites
operating over the next decade threaten to eat up a sizable chunk
of the new money the Trump administration wants to spend upgrading
the safety, security and quality of the U.S. nuclear arsenal, and
enlarging its size. The cost increase, combined with rising fees
for nuclear weapons work and physical modernization needs at other
facilities, casts doubt on whether Trump's ambitious nuclear agenda
can be completed.
- USA opgraderer sine atomvåben. I:
Arbejderen, 28. november 2017.
CBO: Approaches for Managing the Costs of U.S. Nuclear Forces,
2017 to 2046, 2017.
To continue to field a nuclear force roughly the same size as it is
today, the United States plans to modernize virtually every element
of that force over the coming decades. The Congressional Budget
Office estimates that the most recent detailed plans for nuclear
forces, which were incorporated in the Obama Administration's 2017
budget request, would cost $1.2 trillion in 2017 dollars over the
2017–2046 period: more than $800 billion to operate and
sustain (that is, incrementally upgrade) nuclear forces and about
$400 billion to modernize them.
- GAO: Modernizing the Nuclear Security Enterprise: A
Complete Scope of Work Is Needed to Develop Timely Cost and
Schedule Information for the Uranium Program, 2017 The National
Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) has made progress in
developing a revised scope of work, cost estimate, and schedule for
its project to construct a new Uranium Processing Facility (UPF),
according to NNSA documents and program officials. As of May 2017,
NNSA had developed and approved a revised formal scope of work,
cost, and schedule baseline estimates for four of the seven
subprojects into which the project is divided. NNSA expects to
approve such baseline estimates for the other three—including
the two largest subprojects—by the second quarter of fiscal
year 2018. NNSA also plans to validate the estimates by then
through an independent cost estimate.
GAO: Nuclear Weapons Sustainment: Budget Estimates Report
Contains More Information than in Prior Fiscal Years, but
Transparency Can Be Improved, 2017.
- http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-557
The fiscal year 2017 joint report submitted by the Department of
Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE) in August 2016
includes 10-year budget estimates for sustaining and modernizing
U.S. nuclear weapons (see figure below), and these estimates are
generally consistent with the two departments' internal funding and
modernization plans—with some exceptions. GAO could not
verify that DOD's nuclear command, control, and communications
(NC3) estimates were fully consistent with its internal funding
plans.
- GAO: National Nuclear Security Administration: Action
Needed to Address Affordability of Nuclear Modernization Programs,
2017.
- http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-341
To ensure that the nation's existing nuclear weapons remain safe
and reliable, the National Nuclear Security Administration is
working to modernize the nuclear weapons stockpile and its related
infrastructure. Budget estimates for these efforts total about $301
billion from fiscal years 2017 to 2041.
We reviewed NNSA's fiscal year 2017 plan for nuclear modernization
over the next 25 years. We found that NNSA's estimated budget needs
may exceed those projected by the President's fiscal year 2017
budget for fiscal years 2022 through 2026. We recommended that NNSA
assess the affordability of its modernization plans.
- GAO: Department of Energy: Continued Actions Needed to
Address Management Challenges, 2017.
- http://www.gao.gov/assets/690/684918.pdf
The Department of Energy’s (DOE) National Nuclear Security
Administration (NNSA) faces challenges related to the affordability
of its nuclear modernization programs. GAO found in April 2017 that
these challenges were caused by a misalignment between NNSA’s
modernization plans and the estimated budgetary resources needed to
carry out those plans. First, GAO found that NNSA’s estimates
of funding needed for its modernization plans sometimes exceeded
the budgetary projections included in the President’s planned
near-term and long-term modernization budgets. Second, GAO found
that the costs of some major modernization programs—such as
for nuclear weapon refurbishments—may also increase and
further strain future modernization budgets that currently do not
anticipate these potential increases...
DOE also faces challenges with addressing its environmental
liabilities—the total cost of its cleanup responsibilities.
In February 2017, GAO found that DOE was responsible for over 80
percent ($372 billion) of the U.S. government’s estimated
$450 billion environmental liability. However, this estimate does
not reflect all of DOE’s cleanup responsibilities. For
example, in January 2017, GAO found that the cost estimate for
DOE’s proposal for separate defense and commercial nuclear
waste repositories excluded the costs and time frames for key
activities, and therefore full costs are likely to be billions of
dollars more than DOE’s reported environmental liabilities.
To effectively address cleanup, GAO and other organizations have
reported that DOE needs to take a nation-wide, risk-informed
approach, which could reduce long-term costs as well as
environmental risks more quickly.
According to documents related to DOE’s fiscal year 2016
financial statements, 50 percent of DOE’s environmental
liability resides at two cleanup sites: the Hanford Site in Washington State and the Savannah River Site in South
Carolina.
DOE has not yet developed a cleanup plan or cost estimate for the
Nevada National Security Site and,
as a result, the cost of future cleanup of this site was not
included in DOE’s fiscal year 2015 reported environmental
liability. The nearly 1,400-square-mile site has been used for
hundreds of nuclear weapons tests since 1951. These activities have
resulted in more than 45 million cubic feet of radioactive waste at
the site.
- GAO: Missile Defense: Some Progress Delivering
Capabilities, but Challenges with Testing Transparency and
Requirements Development Need to Be Addressed, 2017.
-
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-381?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery
The Missile Defense Agency has spent $123 billion on a system to
track and destroy enemy missiles—and plans to spend another
$37 billion through 2021.
While we found that MDA has made progress developing some parts of
this system, the agency has also faced challenges completing its
testing goals, maintaining its test schedule, and integrating its
various components. Moreover, the agency is developing new programs
with limited input from DOD and the military services responsible
for operating and maintaining them.
We recommended that MDA increase transparency into testing and
costs, and improve its knowledge before funding future
efforts.
- CRS: Energy and
Water Development: FY2017 Appropriations for Nuclear Weapons
Activities. / : Amy F. Woolf, 2017.
The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill funds
civil works projects of the Army Corps of Engineers, the Department
of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation, the Department of
Energy (DOE), and several independent agencies.
The DOE budget includes funding for the National Nuclear Security
Administration (NNSA), a separately organized agency within DOE.
NNSA operates three programs: Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation,
which secures nuclear materials worldwide, conducts research and
development (R&D) into nonproliferation and verification, and
operates the Nuclear Counterterrorism and Incident Response
Program; Naval Reactors, which “is responsible for all U.S.
Navy nuclear propulsion work”; and Weapons Activities. The
last is the subject of this report. The Weapons Activities account
supports programs that maintain U.S. nuclear missile warheads and
gravity bombs and the infrastructure programs that support that
mission. Specifically, according to DOE’s budget
documentation, these programs “support the maintenance and
refurbishment of nuclear weapons to continue sustained confidence
in their safety, reliability, and performance; continued investment
in scientific, engineering, and manufacturing capabilities to
enable certification of the enduring nuclear weapons stockpile; and
manufacture of nuclear weapons components.” NNSA’s
budget request for FY2017 sought $9,243.1 million for Weapons
Activities...
- CRS: Nuclear Weapons
R&D Organizations in Nine Countries. / : Jonathan Medalia
et al., 2013.
'United States, China, France, India, Israel, North Korea,
Pakistan, Russia and United Kingdom.'
- CBO:
Projected Costs of U.S. Nuclear Forces, 2014 to 2023,
2013.
Between 2014 and 2023, the costs of the Administration's
plans for nuclear forces will total $355 billion, in CBO’s
estimation. Of that total, $296 billion represents CBO’s
projection of the amounts budgeted for strategic and tactical
nuclear delivery systems ($136 billion over 10 years);
for nuclear weapons, DOE's nuclear weapons enterprise,
and SSBN nuclear reactors ($105 billion over 10 years);
and for nuclear command, control, communications, and
early-warning systems ($56 billion over 10 years). The
remaining $59 billion of the total represents CBO's estimate
of the additional costs that will ensue over the coming
decade, beyond the budgeted amounts, if the nuclear
programs experience cost growth at the same average rate
that similar programs have experienced in the past.
- Manhattan Engineer District,
Manhattan District eller
Manhattanprojektet
- Den amerikanske
atomenergikommission.
- DOE, Department of Energy / Det
amerikanske energiministerium.
- Atomvåbenlovgivning:
- Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954 (as amended).
- Atomvåbenforsøg ;
Atomvåbenuheld.
- Under og efter den kolde krig har der været udstationeret
amerikanske kernevåben og atomvåbenrelateret udstyr
på baser i:
- Afghanistan?, Australien?, Antigua?, Bahamas?, Belgien,
Bermuda?, Canada, Danmark, Filippinerne, Grækenland,
Grønland (Thule), Holland, Island?, Italien, Japan, Norge,
Okinawa, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Spanien, Storbritannien, Sydkorea,
Taiwan, Tyrkiet, Tyskland og Vesttyskland.
- During and after the Cold War, there have been deployed US
nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons-related equipment on bases
in:
- Afghanistan?, Australia?, Antigua?, Bahamas?, Belgium,
Bermuda?, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Iceland?,
Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Okinawa,
Portugal, Puerto Rico, Republic of Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Turkey,
United Kingdom and West Germany
- VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, Calif. --
An unarmed Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missile was
launched during an operational test at 12:03 a.m., PDT, here April
26. 2017.
-
http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1162963/minuteman-iii-launches-from-vandenberg/
- Se også: Aktuelle stater med atomvåben,
kernevåben: Frankrig, Indien,
Israel, Kina, Nordkorea,
Pakistan, Rusland, og Storbritannien.
- See also: Current states with nuclear weapons: France, India,
Israel, China, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia and UK.
- Se tillige: US Air Force ; US
Navy.
-
- GAO: Modernizing the Nuclear
Security Enterprise:
NNSA's Budget Estimates Increased but May Not Align with All
Anticipated Costs
GAO-16-290: Published: Mar 4, 2016.
In the National Nuclear Security Administration's (NNSA) fiscal
year 2016 budget materials, the estimates for efforts related to
modernizing the nuclear weapons stockpile total $297.6 billion for
the next 25 years— an increase of $4.2 billion (1.4 percent)
in nominal dollar values (as opposed to constant dollar values)
compared with the prior year's budget materials. However, for
certain program areas and individual programs, budget estimates
changed more significantly than the overall estimates. NNSA's
modernization efforts occur in four areas under the Weapons
Activities appropriation account: stockpile; infrastructure;
research, development, testing, and evaluation; and other weapons
activities. For the stockpile area, budget estimates over 25 years
increased by 13.2 percent over the nominal values in the Fiscal
Year 2015 Stockpile Stewardship and Management Plan . Within the
stockpile area, the estimates for life extension programs (LEP),
which refurbish nuclear weapons, increased by 19.6 percent compared
with the prior year's estimate, in part because of changes in the
scope and schedule for some programs. In contrast, estimates for
the other weapon activities area decreased by 18.1 percent, mainly
because NNSA shifted two counterterrorism programs out of the
Weapons Activities budget and into NNSA's separate Defense Nuclear
Nonproliferation budget.
The estimates in NNSA's 2016 nuclear security budget materials may
not align with all elements of modernization plans for several
reasons. First, the Fiscal Year 2016 Stockpile Stewardship and
Management Plan includes estimates for 2021 through 2025 that are
$4.4 billion higher than the same time period in a set of out-year
projections for funding levels that were included in a joint report
by the Department of Defense and Department of Energy. NNSA noted
this issue in the 2016 plan and stated that it will need to be
addressed as part of fiscal year 2017 programming. In addition, in
some years, NNSA's budget estimates for certain weapons
refurbishment efforts are below the low point of the programs'
internally developed cost ranges. For example, the W88 Alteration
370 budget estimate of $218 million for 2020 was below the low end
of the internal program cost range of $247 million. NNSA officials
stated that the total estimates for this program are above the
total of the midpoint cost estimates for 2016 through 2020 and that
funding for 2016 to 2019 is fungible and could be carried over to
cover any potential shortfall in 2020. GAO also identified
instances where certain modernization costs were not included in
the estimates or may be underestimated, or where budget estimates
for some efforts could increase due to their dependency on
successful execution of other NNSA programs. For example, an NNSA
official said that budget estimates for the IW-1 LEP— which
is NNSA's first interoperable ballistic missile warhead
LEP—are predicated on NNSA successfully modernizing its
plutonium pit production capacity. This official stated that if
there are delays in modernizing this capacity, the IW-1 LEP could
bear greater costs than currently estimated. In August 2015, GAO
recommended that NNSA provide more transparency with regard to
shortfalls in its budget materials. NNSA agreed and said that it
plans to implement this recommendation starting in its 2017 budget
supporting documents.
- Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons. / : Nuclear
Weapon Archive. 2006.
- http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/Allbombs.html
- How Many and Where Were the Nukes? What the U.S.
Government No Longer Wants You to Know about Nuclear Weapons During
the Cold War. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book
No. 197, 2006.
- http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB197/index.htm
- Nuclear Command and Control Systems.
- CRS: Nuclear Command and
Control: Current Programs and Issues, May 3, 2006 - 40 s.
- CRS: Navy Ohio Replacement
(SSBN[X]) Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and
Issues for Congress. / : Ronald O'Rourke, 2016.
'The Navy’s proposed FY2017 budget requests $773.1 million in
advance procurement (AP) funding and $1,091.1 million in research
and development funding for the Ohio replacement program (ORP), a
program to design and build a new class of 12 ballistic missile
submarines (SSBNs) to replace the Navy’s current force of 14
Ohio-class SSBNs. The Navy has identified the Ohio replacement
program, also known as the SSBN(X) program, as the Navy’s top
priority program. The Navy wants to procure the first Ohio
replacement boat in FY2021, and the $773.1 million in AP funding
requested for FY2017 represents the initial procurement funding for
that boat.
A March 2015 GAO report assessing selected major DOD weapon
acquisition programs states that the estimated total acquisition
cost of the Ohio replacement program is about $95.8 billion in
constant FY2015 dollars, including about $11.8 billion in research
and development costs and about $84.0 billion in procurement
costs.'
- Navy to Christen Submarine Washington
News Releases for U.S. Department of Defense, March 3, 2016
The Navy will christen its newest Virginia-class attack submarine
USS Washington (SSN 787), Saturday, March 5, during an 11 a.m. EST
ceremony at Newport News Shipbuilding in Newport News,
Virginia.
- CRS: U.S. Nuclear Weapon
“Pit” Production: Options for Congress.
/ : Jonathan E. Medalia, 2014.
Aftrækkeren "pit" er plutoniumkernen i et
atomvåben.
- U.S. Presidents and the Nuclear Taboo
Cold War U.S. Commanders-in-Chief Repeatedly Expressed Aversion to
Going Nuclear; Even Eisenhower Changed Thinking
JFK: “Once One Resorts to Nuclear Weapons One Moves into a
Whole New World”
During Vietnam, CIA Analysts Worried Nuke Use Would Expose U.S To
“Widespread and Fundamental Revulsion That [It] Had Broken
the …Taboo”
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 611
Washington, D.C., November 30, 2017 – U.S. presidents
sometimes made nuclear threats in the course of Cold War crises and
confrontations, but powerful social norms – not just military
considerations – inhibited them from initiating the combat
use of nuclear weapons, according to declassified documents posted
today by the nongovernmental National Security Archive.
From President Harry S.Truman forward, the record shows, U.S.
commanders-in-chief have been sensitive to what is sometimes
referred to as the nuclear taboo – the recognition that
atomic weapons belong to an entirely different category from
conventional armaments and that their use would open up “a
whole new world,” in the words of President John F.
Kennedy.
Many other leading figures held similar views, conditioned by an
aversion to the horrific effects of nuclear weaponry as well as by
the impact of ethical concerns and global public opinion. However,
past experience also indicates that the taboo has not constrained
everyone, including military officials who developed plans for the
possible first-use (preemptive strikes) of nuclear weapons.
With growing international concern today over the possible resort
to nuclear means in connection with tensions over North
Korea’s growing capabilities, it is instructive to look at
the record of the Cold War and immediate post-Cold War period to
see how U.S. presidents and senior government officials thought
about the problem. Today’s posting of CIA, State Department,
and other materials covers the era from the 1940s to the 1990s
including events from the Cuban missile crisis and the Vietnam
War.
- Rearming for the Cold War, 1945-1960 / : Elliott V.
Converse III.
- Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of
Defense. 2012. - 784 s.
; History of acquisition in the Department of Defense ; v. 1).
-
http://history.defense.gov/resources/OSDHO-Acquisition-Series-Vol1.pdf
- CRS: The Reliable Replacement Warhead Program:
Background and Current Developments. / : Jonathan Medalia, 2009 -
49 s.
- Terp, Holger:
Atomvåbenproduktion i USA / Nuclear Weapons
Production in the US., 2011.
- United States Nuclear Tests,
July 1945 through September 1992.
U.S. Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, DOE/NV--209-REV
15, December 2000.
- Work Finishes Trip Focusing on U.S. Nuclear Deterrent. /
: Jim Garamone.
DoD News, Defense Media Activity
WASHINGTON, Feb. 26, 2016 — Deputy Defense Secretary Bob Work
observed the test of an unarmed Minuteman 3 missile at Vandenberg
Air Force Base, California, last night, at the culmination of a
trip to examine the progress of reforms in DoD’s nuclear
deterrent. The warhead splashed down at the military’s test
range near Kwajalein Atoll more than 4,000 miles away.
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